深入解析MySQL分区(Partition)功能

Mysql自5.1开始对分区(Partition)有支持

= 水平分区(根据列属性按行分)=
举个简单例子:一个包含十年发票记录的表可以被分区为十个不同的分区,每个分区包含的是其中一年的记录。

=== 水平分区的几种模式:===

  • Range(范围) – 这种模式允许DBA将数据划分不同范围。例如DBA可以将一个表通过年份划分成三个分区,80年代(1980’s)的数据,90年代(1990’s)的数据以及任何在2000年(包括2000年)后的数据。

  • Hash(哈希) – 这中模式允许DBA通过对表的一个或多个列的Hash Key进行计算,最后通过这个Hash码不同数值对应的数据区域进行分区,。例如DBA可以建立一个对表主键进行分区的表。

  • Key(键值) – 上面Hash模式的一种延伸,这里的Hash Key是MySQL系统产生的。

  • List(预定义列表) – 这种模式允许系统通过DBA定义的列表的值所对应的行数据进行分割。例如:DBA建立了一个横跨三个分区的表,分别根据2004年2005年和2006年值所对应的数据。

  • Composite(复合模式) - 很神秘吧,哈哈,其实是以上模式的组合使用而已,就不解释了。举例:在初始化已经进行了Range范围分区的表上,我们可以对其中一个分区再进行hash哈希分区。

= 垂直分区(按列分)=
举个简单例子:一个包含了大text和BLOB列的表,这些text和BLOB列又不经常被访问,这时候就要把这些不经常使用的text和BLOB了划分到另一个分区,在保证它们数据相关性的同时还能提高访问速度。

[分区表和未分区表试验过程]

*创建分区表,按日期的年份拆分
[sql]
CREATE TABLE part_tab ( c1 int default NULL, c2 varchar(30) default NULL, c3 date default NULL) engine=myisam
PARTITION BY RANGE (year(c3)) (PARTITION p0 VALUES LESS THAN (1995),
PARTITION p1 VALUES LESS THAN (1996) , PARTITION p2 VALUES LESS THAN (1997) ,
PARTITION p3 VALUES LESS THAN (1998) , PARTITION p4 VALUES LESS THAN (1999) ,
PARTITION p5 VALUES LESS THAN (2000) , PARTITION p6 VALUES LESS THAN (2001) ,
PARTITION p7 VALUES LESS THAN (2002) , PARTITION p8 VALUES LESS THAN (2003) ,
PARTITION p9 VALUES LESS THAN (2004) , PARTITION p10 VALUES LESS THAN (2010),
PARTITION p11 VALUES LESS THAN MAXVALUE ); [/sql]
注意最后一行,考虑到可能的最大值

*创建未分区表
[sql]
mysql> create table no_part_tab (c1 int(11) default NULL,c2 varchar(30) default NULL,c3 date default NULL) engine=myisam;
[/sql]

通过存储过程灌入800万条测试数据
mysql> set sql_mode=’’; /
如果创建存储过程失败,则先需设置此变量, bug? /
mysql> delimiter // /
设定语句终结符为 //,因存储过程语句用;结束 */

[sql]
mysql> CREATE PROCEDURE load_part_tab()
begin
declare v int default 0;
while v < 8000000
do
insert into part_tab
values (v,’testing partitions’,adddate(‘1995-01-01’,(rand(v)36520) mod 3652));
set v = v + 1;
end while;
end
//
mysql> delimiter ;
mysql> call load_part_tab();
Query OK, 1 row affected (8 min 17.75 sec)
[sql] view plaincopy
mysql> insert into no_part_tab select
from part_tab;
Query OK, 8000000 rows affected (51.59 sec)
Records: 8000000 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
[/sql]

  • 测试SQL性能

[sql]
mysql> select count() from part_tab where c3 > date ‘1995-01-01’ and c3 < date ‘1995-12-31’;
+———-+
| count(
) |
+———-+
| 795181 |
+———-+
1 row in set (0.55 sec)
[/sql]

[sql]
mysql> select count() from no_part_tab where c3 > date ‘1995-01-01’ and c3 < date ‘1995-12-31’;
+———-+
| count(
) |
+———-+
| 795181 |
+———-+
1 row in set (4.69 sec)[/sql]
结果表明分区表比未分区表的执行时间少90%。

  • 通过explain语句来分析执行情况
    [sql]
    mysql > explain select count() from no_part_tab where c3 > date ‘1995-01-01’ and c3 < date ‘1995-12-31’\G
    /
    结尾的\G使得mysql的输出改为列模式 /
    **
    1. row *
    id: 1
    
    select_type: SIMPLE
    table: no_part_tab
     type: ALL
    
    possible_keys: NULL
        key: NULL
    key_len: NULL
        ref: NULL
       rows: 8000000
      Extra: Using where
    
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)
    [/sql]

[sql]
mysql> explain select count() from part_tab where c3 > date ‘1995-01-01’ and c3 < date ‘1995-12-31’\G
**
1. row *
id: 1
select_type: SIMPLE
table: part_tab
type: ALL
possible_keys: NULL
key: NULL
key_len: NULL
ref: NULL
rows: 798458
Extra: Using where
1 row in set (0.00 sec)[/sql]
explain语句显示了SQL查询要处理的记录数目

  • 试验创建索引后情况
    [sql]
    mysql> create index idx_of_c3 on no_part_tab (c3);
    Query OK, 8000000 rows affected (1 min 18.08 sec)
    Records: 8000000 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
    [/sql]
    [sql]
    mysql> create index idx_of_c3 on part_tab (c3);
    Query OK, 8000000 rows affected (1 min 19.19 sec)
    Records: 8000000 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0[/sql]
    创建索引后的数据库文件大小列表:
    2008-05-24 09:23 8,608 no_part_tab.frm
    2008-05-24 09:24 255,999,996 no_part_tab.MYD
    2008-05-24 09:24 81,611,776 no_part_tab.MYI
    2008-05-24 09:25 0 part_tab#P#p0.MYD
    2008-05-24 09:26 1,024 part_tab#P#p0.MYI
    2008-05-24 09:26 25,550,656 part_tab#P#p1.MYD
    2008-05-24 09:26 8,148,992 part_tab#P#p1.MYI
    2008-05-24 09:26 25,620,192 part_tab#P#p10.MYD
    2008-05-24 09:26 8,170,496 part_tab#P#p10.MYI
    2008-05-24 09:25 0 part_tab#P#p11.MYD
    2008-05-24 09:26 1,024 part_tab#P#p11.MYI
    2008-05-24 09:26 25,656,512 part_tab#P#p2.MYD
    2008-05-24 09:26 8,181,760 part_tab#P#p2.MYI
    2008-05-24 09:26 25,586,880 part_tab#P#p3.MYD
    2008-05-24 09:26 8,160,256 part_tab#P#p3.MYI
    2008-05-24 09:26 25,585,696 part_tab#P#p4.MYD
    2008-05-24 09:26 8,159,232 part_tab#P#p4.MYI
    2008-05-24 09:26 25,585,216 part_tab#P#p5.MYD
    2008-05-24 09:26 8,159,232 part_tab#P#p5.MYI
    2008-05-24 09:26 25,655,740 part_tab#P#p6.MYD
    2008-05-24 09:26 8,181,760 part_tab#P#p6.MYI
    2008-05-24 09:26 25,586,528 part_tab#P#p7.MYD
    2008-05-24 09:26 8,160,256 part_tab#P#p7.MYI
    2008-05-24 09:26 25,586,752 part_tab#P#p8.MYD
    2008-05-24 09:26 8,160,256 part_tab#P#p8.MYI
    2008-05-24 09:26 25,585,824 part_tab#P#p9.MYD
    2008-05-24 09:26 8,159,232 part_tab#P#p9.MYI
    2008-05-24 09:25 8,608 part_tab.frm
    2008-05-24 09:25 68 part_tab.par

  • 再次测试SQL性能

[sql]
mysql> select count() from no_part_tab where c3 > date ‘1995-01-01’ and c3 < date ‘1995-12-31’;
+———-+
| count(
) |
+———-+
| 795181 |
+———-+
1 row in set (2.42 sec) / 为原来4.69 sec 的51%/
[/sql]

重启mysql ( net stop mysql, net start mysql)后,查询时间降为0.89 sec,几乎与分区表相同。

[sql]
mysql> select count() from part_tab where c3 > date ‘1995-01-01’ and c3 < date ‘1995-12-31’;
+———-+
| count(
) |
+———-+
| 795181 |
+———-+
1 row in set (0.86 sec)
[/sql]

  • 更进一步的试验
    * 增加日期范围
    [sql]
    mysql> select count(
    ) from no_part_tab where c3 > date ‘1995-01-01’ and c3 < date ‘1997-12-31’;
    +———-+
    | count() |
    +———-+
    | 2396524 |
    +———-+
    1 row in set (5.42 sec)
    [/sql]
    [sql]
    mysql> select count(
    ) from part_tab where c3 > date ‘1995-01-01’ and c3 < date ‘1997-12-31’;
    +———-+
    | count(*) |
    +———-+
    | 2396524 |
    +———-+
    1 row in set (2.63 sec)
    [/sql]

* 增加未索引字段查询
[sql]
mysql> select count(
) from part_tab where c3 > date ‘1995-01-01’ and c3 < date
‘1996-12-31’ and c2=’hello’;
+———-+
| count() |
+———-+
| 0 |
+———-+
1 row in set (0.75 sec)
[/sql]
[sql]
mysql> select count(
) from no_part_tab where c3 > date ‘1995-01-01’ and c3 < date ‘1996-12-31’ and c2=’hello’;
+———-+
| count(*) |
+———-+
| 0 |
+———-+
1 row in set (11.52 sec)
[/sql]

= 初步结论 =

  • 分区和未分区占用文件空间大致相同 (数据和索引文件)
  • 如果查询语句中有未建立索引字段,分区时间远远优于未分区时间
  • 如果查询语句中字段建立了索引,分区和未分区的差别缩小,分区略优于未分区。

= 最终结论 =

  • 对于大数据量,建议使用分区功能。
  • 去除不必要的字段
  • 根据手册, 增加myisam_max_sort_file_size 会增加分区性能

[分区命令详解]

= 分区例子 =

  • RANGE 类型
    [sql]
    CREATE TABLE users (

    uid INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,  
    name VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',  
    email VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL DEFAULT ''  
    

    )
    PARTITION BY RANGE (uid) (

    PARTITION p0 VALUES LESS THAN (3000000)  
    DATA DIRECTORY = '/data0/data'  
    INDEX DIRECTORY = '/data1/idx',  
    
    PARTITION p1 VALUES LESS THAN (6000000)  
    DATA DIRECTORY = '/data2/data'  
    INDEX DIRECTORY = '/data3/idx',  
    
    PARTITION p2 VALUES LESS THAN (9000000)  
    DATA DIRECTORY = '/data4/data'  
    INDEX DIRECTORY = '/data5/idx',  
    
    PARTITION p3 VALUES LESS THAN MAXVALUE     DATA DIRECTORY = '/data6/data'   
    INDEX DIRECTORY = '/data7/idx'  
    

    ); [/sql]
    在这里,将用户表分成4个分区,以每300万条记录为界限,每个分区都有自己独立的数据、索引文件的存放目录,与此同时,这些目录所在的物理磁盘分区可能也都是完全独立的,可以提高磁盘IO吞吐量。

  • LIST 类型
    [sql]
    CREATE TABLE category (
    cid INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
    name VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL DEFAULT ‘’
    )
    PARTITION BY LIST (cid) (
    PARTITION p0 VALUES IN (0,4,8,12)
    DATA DIRECTORY = ‘/data0/data’
    INDEX DIRECTORY = ‘/data1/idx’,

    PARTITION p1 VALUES IN (1,5,9,13)
    DATA DIRECTORY = ‘/data2/data’
    INDEX DIRECTORY = ‘/data3/idx’,

    PARTITION p2 VALUES IN (2,6,10,14)
    DATA DIRECTORY = ‘/data4/data’
    INDEX DIRECTORY = ‘/data5/idx’,

    PARTITION p3 VALUES IN (3,7,11,15)
    DATA DIRECTORY = ‘/data6/data’
    INDEX DIRECTORY = ‘/data7/idx’
    ); [/sql]
    分成4个区,数据文件和索引文件单独存放。

  • HASH 类型
    [sql]
    CREATE TABLE users (
    uid INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
    name VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL DEFAULT ‘’,
    email VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL DEFAULT ‘’
    )
    PARTITION BY HASH (uid) PARTITIONS 4 (
    PARTITION p0
    DATA DIRECTORY = ‘/data0/data’
    INDEX DIRECTORY = ‘/data1/idx’,

    PARTITION p1
    DATA DIRECTORY = ‘/data2/data’
    INDEX DIRECTORY = ‘/data3/idx’,

    PARTITION p2
    DATA DIRECTORY = ‘/data4/data’
    INDEX DIRECTORY = ‘/data5/idx’,

    PARTITION p3
    DATA DIRECTORY = ‘/data6/data’
    INDEX DIRECTORY = ‘/data7/idx’
    ); [/sql]
    分成4个区,数据文件和索引文件单独存放。

例子:
[sql]
CREATE TABLE ti2 (id INT, amount DECIMAL(7,2), tr_date DATE)
ENGINE=myisam
PARTITION BY HASH( MONTH(tr_date) )
PARTITIONS 6;

CREATE PROCEDURE load_ti2()
begin
declare v int default 0;
while v < 80000
do
insert into ti2
values (v,’3.14’,adddate(‘1995-01-01’,(rand(v)*3652) mod 365));
set v = v + 1;
end while;
end
//
[/sql]

  • KEY 类型
    [sql]
    CREATE TABLE users (
    uid INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
    name VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL DEFAULT ‘’,
    email VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL DEFAULT ‘’
    )
    PARTITION BY KEY (uid) PARTITIONS 4 (
    PARTITION p0
    DATA DIRECTORY = ‘/data0/data’
    INDEX DIRECTORY = ‘/data1/idx’,

    PARTITION p1
    DATA DIRECTORY = ‘/data2/data’
    INDEX DIRECTORY = ‘/data3/idx’,

    PARTITION p2
    DATA DIRECTORY = ‘/data4/data’
    INDEX DIRECTORY = ‘/data5/idx’,

    PARTITION p3
    DATA DIRECTORY = ‘/data6/data’
    INDEX DIRECTORY = ‘/data7/idx’
    ); [/sql]
    分成4个区,数据文件和索引文件单独存放。

  • 子分区
    子分区是针对 RANGE/LIST 类型的分区表中每个分区的再次分割。再次分割可以是 HASH/KEY 等类型。例如:
    [sql]
    CREATE TABLE users (
    uid INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
    name VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL DEFAULT ‘’,
    email VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL DEFAULT ‘’
    )
    PARTITION BY RANGE (uid) SUBPARTITION BY HASH (uid % 4) SUBPARTITIONS 2(
    PARTITION p0 VALUES LESS THAN (3000000)
    DATA DIRECTORY = ‘/data0/data’
    INDEX DIRECTORY = ‘/data1/idx’,

    PARTITION p1 VALUES LESS THAN (6000000)
    DATA DIRECTORY = ‘/data2/data’
    INDEX DIRECTORY = ‘/data3/idx’
    ); [/sql]
    对 RANGE 分区再次进行子分区划分,子分区采用 HASH 类型。
    或者
    [sql]
    CREATE TABLE users (
    uid INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
    name VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL DEFAULT ‘’,
    email VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL DEFAULT ‘’
    )
    PARTITION BY RANGE (uid) SUBPARTITION BY KEY(uid) SUBPARTITIONS 2(
    PARTITION p0 VALUES LESS THAN (3000000)
    DATA DIRECTORY = ‘/data0/data’
    INDEX DIRECTORY = ‘/data1/idx’,

    PARTITION p1 VALUES LESS THAN (6000000)
    DATA DIRECTORY = ‘/data2/data’
    INDEX DIRECTORY = ‘/data3/idx’
    ); [/sql]
    对 RANGE 分区再次进行子分区划分,子分区采用 KEY 类型。

= 分区管理 =

* 删除分区  

[sql]
ALERT TABLE users DROP PARTITION p0; [/sql]
删除分区 p0。

* 重建分区
      o RANGE 分区重建

[sql]
ALTER TABLE users REORGANIZE PARTITION p0,p1 INTO (PARTITION p0 VALUES LESS THAN (6000000)); [/sql]
将原来的 p0,p1 分区合并起来,放到新的 p0 分区中。
o LIST 分区重建
[sql]
ALTER TABLE users REORGANIZE PARTITION p0,p1 INTO (PARTITION p0 VALUES IN(0,1,4,5,8,9,12,13)); [/sql]
将原来的 p0,p1 分区合并起来,放到新的 p0 分区中。
o HASH/KEY 分区重建
[sql]
ALTER TABLE users REORGANIZE PARTITION COALESCE PARTITION 2; [/sql]
用 REORGANIZE 方式重建分区的数量变成2,在这里数量只能减少不能增加。想要增加可以用 ADD PARTITION 方法。

* 新增分区
      o 新增 RANGE 分区   

[sql]
ALTER TABLE category ADD PARTITION (PARTITION p4 VALUES IN (16,17,18,19)
DATA DIRECTORY = ‘/data8/data’
INDEX DIRECTORY = ‘/data9/idx’); [/sql]
新增一个RANGE分区。
o 新增 HASH/KEY 分区
[sql]
ALTER TABLE users ADD PARTITION PARTITIONS 8; [/sql]
将分区总数扩展到8个。

[ 给已有的表加上分区 ]
[sql]
alter table results partition by RANGE (month(ttime))
(PARTITION p0 VALUES LESS THAN (1),
PARTITION p1 VALUES LESS THAN (2) , PARTITION p2 VALUES LESS THAN (3) ,
PARTITION p3 VALUES LESS THAN (4) , PARTITION p4 VALUES LESS THAN (5) ,
PARTITION p5 VALUES LESS THAN (6) , PARTITION p6 VALUES LESS THAN (7) ,
PARTITION p7 VALUES LESS THAN (8) , PARTITION p8 VALUES LESS THAN (9) ,
PARTITION p9 VALUES LESS THAN (10) , PARTITION p10 VALUES LESS THAN (11),
PARTITION p11 VALUES LESS THAN (12),
PARTITION P12 VALUES LESS THAN (13) ); [/sql]

默认分区限制分区字段必须是主键(PRIMARY KEY)的一部分,为了去除此
限制:
[方法1] 使用ID
[sql]
mysql> ALTER TABLE np_pk
-> PARTITION BY HASH( TO_DAYS(added) )
-> PARTITIONS 4;
ERROR 1503 (HY000): A PRIMARY KEY must include all columns in the table’s partitioning function
[/sql]
However, this statement using the id column for the partitioning column is valid, as shown here:

[sql]
mysql> ALTER TABLE np_pk
-> PARTITION BY HASH(id)
-> PARTITIONS 4;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.11 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
[/sql]
[方法2] 将原有PK去掉生成新PK
[sql]
mysql> alter table results drop PRIMARY KEY;
Query OK, 5374850 rows affected (7 min 4.05 sec)
Records: 5374850 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
[/sql]
[sql]
mysql> alter table results add PRIMARY KEY(id, ttime);
Query OK, 5374850 rows affected (6 min 14.86 sec)
Records: 5374850 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
[/sql]

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